Literary Terms and Devices
Satire: a literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked
through irony, derision, or wit
Characters: the individuals that take part in the action of a story
Main Character (protagonist): most important character, events of the story center on this
character
Minor Character: less prominent characters
Dynamic Character: main characters that undergo change as the plot unfolds
Static Characters: characters who remain the same
Setting: the particular time and place where the events of a story occur
Plot: the chain of related events that take place in a story
Exposition: lays the groundwork for the plot and provides the reader with essential background
info.
Inciting Incident: the spark of the story
Rising Action: complications start to arise, causing difficulties for the main characters
and making the conflict more difficult to resolve
Climax: the turning point of te action, the moment when interest and intensity reach their peak
Falling Action: the events that occur after the climax
Denouement (Resolution): the tangles of the plot are untied and mysteries are solved
Theme: an important idea or message conveyed by a work of fiction
Symbolism: use of symbols
Allusion: a reference to a historical or literary person, place, thing or event with which reader
is assumed to be familiar
Theme: the central idea or message in a work of literature
Characterization: a description of qualities
Irony: the use of words to express something different from and often opposite to their literal
meaning
5 Facts About Edgar Allen Poe
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Both of his parents died before he was 3 years old
He virtually created the detective story and perfected the psychological thriller
He has had a worldwide influence on literature
Edgar Allan Poe was never legally adopted
Edgar Allan Poe was expelled from the University of Virginia for not paying his gambling debts
"Through the Tunnel" Identified Parts
1. Departure(Separation): Going to the shore on the first morning of the holiday, the young English boy stopped at a
turning of the path and looked down at a wild and rocky bay, and then over to the crowded beach he knew so well from other
years. His mother walked on in front of him, carrying a bright-striped bag in one hand. Her other arm, swinging loose, was
very white in the sun. The boy watched that white, naked arm, and turned his eyes, which had a frown behind them, toward the
bay and back again to his mother. When she felt he was not with her, she swung around. "Oh, there you are, Jerry!" she said.
She looked impatient, then smiled. "Why, darling, would you rather not come with me? Would you rather-"
She frowned, conscientiously worrying over what amusements he might secretly be longing for which
she had been too busy or too careless to imagine. He was very familiar with that anxious, apologetic smile. Contrition sent
him running after her. And yet, as he ran, he looked back over his shoulder at the wild hay; and all morning, as he played
on the safe beach, he was thinking of it.
2. Initiation(Transformation): First, he thought, he must learn to control his breathing. He let himself down
into the water with another big stone in his arms, so that he could lie effortlessly on the bottom of the sea. He counted.
One, two, three. He counted steadily. He could hear the movement of blood in his chest. Fifty-one,
fifty-two . . . . His chest was hurting. He let go of the rock and went up into the air. He saw that the sun was low. He rushed
to the villa and found his mother at her supper. She said only "Did you enjoy yourself?" and he said "Yes."
All night, the boy dreamed of the water-filled cave in the rock, and as soon as breakfast was over he went to the hay.
That night, his nose bled badly. For hours he had been underwater, learning to hold his breath, and now he felt weak and dizzy.
His mother said, "I shouldn't overdo things, darling, if I were you."
That day and the next, Jerry exercised his lungs as if everything, the whole
of his life, all that he would become, depended upon it. And again his nose bled at night, and his mother insisted on his
coming with her the next day. It was a torment to him to waste a day of his careful self-training, but he stayed with her
on that other beach, which now seemed a place for small children, a place where his mother might lie safe in the sun. It was
not his beach.
3. Return: He was at the end of what he could do. He looked up at the crack as if it were
filled with air and not water, as if he could put his mouth to it to draw in air. A hundred and fifteen, he heard himself
say inside his head - but he had said that long ago. He must go on into the blackness ahead, or he would drown. His head was
swelling, his lungs cracking. A hundred and fifteen, a hundred and fifteen pounded through his head, and he feebly clutched
at rocks in the dark, pulling himself forward, leaving the brief space of sunlit water behind. He felt he was dying. He was
no longer quite conscious. He struggled on in the darkness between lapses into unconsciousness. An immense, swelling pain
filled his head, and then the darkness cracked with an explosion of green light. His hands, groping forward, met nothing,
and his feet, kicking back, propelled him out into the open sea.
He drifted to the surface, his face turned up to the air. He was gasping like a fish. He felt he would sink now and drown;
he could not swim the few feet back to the rock. Then he was clutching it and pulling himself up on it. He lay face down,
gasping. He could see nothing but a red-veined, clotted dark. His eyes must have burst, he thought; they were full of blood.
He tore off his goggles and a gout of blood went into the sea. His nose was bleeding, and the blood
had filled the goggles.
He scooped up handfuls of water from the cool, salty sea, to splash on his face, and did not know whether it was blood or
salt water he tasted. After a time, his heart quieted, his eyes cleared, and he sat up. He could see the local boys diving
and playing half a mile away. He did not want them. He wanted nothing but to get back home and lie down.
In a short while, Jerry swam to shore and climbed slowly up the path to the villa. He flung himself on his bed and slept,
waking at the sound of feet on the path outside. His mother was coming back. He rushed to the bathroom, thinking she must
not see his face with bloodstains, or tearstains, on it. He came out of the bathroom and met her as she walked into the villa,
smiling, her eyes lighting up.
She was ready for a battle
of wills, but he gave in at once. It was no longer of the least importance to go to the bay.
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